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PPS Clock Discipline

Synopsis

Address: 127.127.22.u
Reference ID: PPS
Driver ID: PPS
Serial or Parallel Port: /dev/ppsu
Requires: PPSAPI interface

Note: This driver supersedes an older one of the same name. The older driver operated with several somewhat archaic signal interface devices, required intricate configuration and was poorly documented. This driver operates only with the PPSAPI interface proposed as an IETF standard. Note also that the pps configuration command has been obsoleted by this driver.

Description

This driver furnishes an interface for the pulse-per-second (PPS) signal produced by a cesium clock, radio clock or related devices. It can be used to augment the serial timecode generated by a GPS receiver, for example. It can be used to remove accumulated jitter and re-time a secondary server when synchronized to a primary server over a congested, wide-area network and before redistributing the time to local clients. The driver includes extensive signal sanity checks and grooming algorithms. A range gate and frequency discriminator reject noise and signals with incorrect frequency. A multiple-stage median filter rejects jitter due to hardware interrupt and operating system latencies. A trimmed-mean algorithm determines the best time samples. With typical workstations and processing loads, the incidental jitter can be reduced to a few microseconds.

While this driver can discipline the time and frequency relative to the PPS source, it cannot number the seconds. For this purpose an auxiliary source is required, ordinarily a radio clock operated as a primary reference (stratum 1) source; however, another NTP time server can be used as well. For this purpose, the auxiliary source should be specified as the prefer peer, as described in the Mitigation Rules and the prefer Keyword page.

The driver requires the PPSAPI interface¹, which is a proposed IETF standard. The interface consists of the timepps.h header file and associated kernel support. Support for this interface is included in current versions of Solaris, FreeBSD and Linux and proprietary versions of Tru64 (Alpha) and SunOS. See the Pulse-per-second (PPS) Signal Interfacing page for further information.

The PPS source can be connected via a serial or parallel port, depending on the hardware and operating system. A serial port can be dedicated to the PPS source or shared with another device; however, if dedicated the data leads should not be connected, as noise or unexpected signals can cause ntpd to exit.

A radio clock is usually connected via a serial port and the PPS source connected via a level converter to the data carrier detect (DCD) pin (DB-9 pin 1, DB-25 pin 8) of the same connector. In some systems where a parallel port and driver are available, the PPS signal can be connected directly to the ACK pin (pin 10) of the connector. Whether the PPS signal is connected via a dedicated port or shared with another device, the driver opens the device /dev/pps%d, where %d is the unit number. As with other drivers, links can be used to redirect the logical name to the actual physical device.

The driver normally operates like any other driver and uses the same mitigation algorithms and PLL/FLL clock discipline incorporated in the daemon. If kernel PLL/FLL support is available, the kernel PLL/FLL clock discipline can be used instead. The default behavior is not to use the kernel PPS clock discipline, even if present. This driver incorporates a good deal of signal processing to reduce jitter using the median filter and trimmed average algorithms in the driver interface. As the result, performance with minpoll and maxpoll configured at the minimum 4 (16s) is generally better than the kernel PPS discipline. However, fudge flag 3 can be used to enable the kernel PPS discipline if necessary.

Note that the PPS source is considered valid only if the auxiliary source is the prefer peer, is reachable and is selectable to discipline the system clock. By default the stratum assigned to the PPS source is automatically determined. If the auxiliary source is unreachable or inoperative, the stratum is set to 16. Otherwise it is set to the stratum specified by the fudge stratum command, if present, or the auxiliary source stratum if not present. Please note the temptation to masquerade as a primary server by forcing the stratum to zero is decidedly dangerous, as it invites timing loops.

The mode keyword of the server command can be used to set the PPSAPI mode bits which determine the capture edge and echo options. See the /usr/include/sys/timepps.h header file for the bit definitions, which must be converted to their decimal equivalents. This overrides the fudge flag2 option.

Fudge Factors

time1 time

Specifies the time offset calibration factor, in seconds and fraction, with default 0.0.

time2 time

Not used by this driver.

stratum number

Specifies the driver stratum, in decimal from 0 to 15, with default 0.

refid string

Specifies the driver reference identifier, an ASCII string from one to four characters, with default PPS.

flag1 0 | 1

Not used by this driver.

flag2 0 | 1

Specifies the PPS signal on-time edge: 0 for assert (default), 1 for clear.

flag3 0 | 1

Controls the kernel PPS discipline: 0 for disable (default), 1 for enable.

flag4 0 | 1

Not used by this driver.

Additional Information

Reference Clock Drivers

Reference

1. Mogul, J., D. Mills, J. Brittenson, J. Stone and U. Windl. Pulse-per-second API for Unix-like operating systems, version 1. Request for Comments RFC-2783, Internet Engineering Task Force, March 2000, 31 pp.