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fonts-conf
Name
fonts.conf -- Font configuration files
Synopsis
/etc/fonts/fonts.conf
/etc/fonts/fonts.dtd
/etc/fonts/conf.d
~/.fonts.conf
Description
Fontconfig is a library designed to provide system-wide font
configuration, customization and application access.
Functional Overview
Fontconfig contains two essential modules, the configuration
module which builds an internal configuration from XML files
and the matching module which accepts font patterns and
returns the nearest matching font.
Font Configuration
The configuration module consists of the FcConfig datatype,
libexpat and FcConfigParse which walks over an XML tree and
amends a configuration with data found within. From an
external perspective, configuration of the library consists of
generating a valid XML tree and feeding that to FcConfigParse.
The only other mechanism provided to applications for changing
the running configuration is to add fonts and directories to
the list of application-provided font files.
The intent is to make font configurations relatively static,
and shared by as many applications as possible. It is hoped
that this will lead to more stable font selection when passing
names from one application to another. XML was chosen as a
configuration file format because it provides a format which
is easy for external agents to edit while retaining the
correct structure and syntax.
Font configuration is separate from font matching;
applications needing to do their own matching can access the
available fonts from the library and perform private matching.
The intent is to permit applications to pick and choose
appropriate functionality from the library instead of forcing
them to choose between this library and a private
configuration mechanism. The hope is that this will ensure
that configuration of fonts for all applications can be
centralized in one place. Centralizing font configuration will
simplify and regularize font installation and customization.
Font Properties
While font patterns may contain essentially any properties,
there are some well known properties with associated types.
Fontconfig uses some of these properties for font matching and
font completion. Others are provided as a convenience for the
applications' rendering mechanism.
Property Type Description
--------------------------------------------------------------
family String Font family names
familylang String Languages corresponding to each family
style String Font style. Overrides weight and slant
stylelang String Languages corresponding to each style
fullname String Font full names (often includes style)
fullnamelang String Languages corresponding to each fullname
slant Int Italic, oblique or roman
weight Int Light, medium, demibold, bold or black
size Double Point size
width Int Condensed, normal or expanded
aspect Double Stretches glyphs horizontally before hinting
pixelsize Double Pixel size
spacing Int Proportional, dual-width, monospace or charce
ll
foundry String Font foundry name
antialias Bool Whether glyphs can be antialiased
hinting Bool Whether the rasterizer should use hinting
hintstyle Int Automatic hinting style
verticallayout Bool Use vertical layout
autohint Bool Use autohinter instead of normal hinter
globaladvance Bool Use font global advance data
file String The filename holding the font
index Int The index of the font within the file
ftface FT_Face Use the specified FreeType face object
rasterizer String Which rasterizer is in use
outline Bool Whether the glyphs are outlines
scalable Bool Whether glyphs can be scaled
scale Double Scale factor for point->pixel conversions
dpi Double Target dots per inch
rgba Int unknown, rgb, bgr, vrgb, vbgr,
none - subpixel geometry
minspace Bool Eliminate leading from line spacing
charset CharSet Unicode chars encoded by the font
lang String List of RFC-3066-style languages this
font supports
fontversion Int Version number of the font
capability String List of layout capabilities in the font
embolden Bool Rasterizer should synthetically embolden the
font
Font Matching
Fontconfig performs matching by measuring the distance from a
provided pattern to all of the available fonts in the system.
The closest matching font is selected. This ensures that a
font will always be returned, but doesn't ensure that it is
anything like the requested pattern.
Font matching starts with an application constructed pattern.
The desired attributes of the resulting font are collected
together in a pattern. Each property of the pattern can
contain one or more values; these are listed in priority
order; matches earlier in the list are considered "closer"
than matches later in the list.
The initial pattern is modified by applying the list of
editing instructions specific to patterns found in the
configuration; each consists of a match predicate and a set of
editing operations. They are executed in the order they
appeared in the configuration. Each match causes the
associated sequence of editing operations to be applied.
After the pattern has been edited, a sequence of default
substitutions are performed to canonicalize the set of
available properties; this avoids the need for the lower
layers to constantly provide default values for various font
properties during rendering.
The canonical font pattern is finally matched against all
available fonts. The distance from the pattern to the font is
measured for each of several properties: foundry, charset,
family, lang, spacing, pixelsize, style, slant, weight,
antialias, rasterizer and outline. This list is in priority
order -- results of comparing earlier elements of this list
weigh more heavily than later elements.
There is one special case to this rule; family names are split
into two bindings; strong and weak. Strong family names are
given greater precedence in the match than lang elements while
weak family names are given lower precedence than lang
elements. This permits the document language to drive font
selection when any document specified font is unavailable.
The pattern representing that font is augmented to include any
properties found in the pattern but not found in the font
itself; this permits the application to pass rendering
instructions or any other data through the matching system.
Finally, the list of editing instructions specific to fonts
found in the configuration are applied to the pattern. This
modified pattern is returned to the application.
The return value contains sufficient information to locate and
rasterize the font, including the file name, pixel size and
other rendering data. As none of the information involved
pertains to the FreeType library, applications are free to use
any rasterization engine or even to take the identified font
file and access it directly.
The match/edit sequences in the configuration are performed in
two passes because there are essentially two different
operations necessary -- the first is to modify how fonts are
selected; aliasing families and adding suitable defaults. The
second is to modify how the selected fonts are rasterized.
Those must apply to the selected font, not the original
pattern as false matches will often occur.
Font Names
Fontconfig provides a textual representation for patterns that
the library can both accept and generate. The representation
is in three parts, first a list of family names, second a list
of point sizes and finally a list of additional properties:
<families>-<point sizes>:<name1>=<values1>:<name2>=<values2>...
Values in a list are separated with commas. The name needn't
include either families or point sizes; they can be elided. In
addition, there are symbolic constants that simultaneously
indicate both a name and a value. Here are some examples:
Name Meaning
----------------------------------------------------------
Times-12 12 point Times Roman
Times-12:bold 12 point Times Bold
Courier:italic Courier Italic in the default size
Monospace:matrix=1 .1 0 1 The users preferred monospace font
with artificial obliquing
The '\', '-', ':' and ',' characters in family names must be
preceeded by a '\' character to avoid having them
misinterpreted. Similarly, values containing '\', '=', '_',
':' and ',' must also have them preceeded by a '\' character.
The '\' characters are stripped out of the family name and
values as the font name is read.
Debugging Applications
To help diagnose font and applications problems, fontconfig is
built with a large amount of internal debugging left enabled.
It is controlled by means of the FC_DEBUG environment
variable. The value of this variable is interpreted as a
number, and each bit within that value controls different
debugging messages.
Name Value Meaning
---------------------------------------------------------
MATCH 1 Brief information about font matching
MATCHV 2 Extensive font matching information
EDIT 4 Monitor match/test/edit execution
FONTSET 8 Track loading of font information at startup
CACHE 16 Watch cache files being written
CACHEV 32 Extensive cache file writing information
PARSE 64 (no longer in use)
SCAN 128 Watch font files being scanned to build caches
SCANV 256 Verbose font file scanning information
MEMORY 512 Monitor fontconfig memory usage
CONFIG 1024 Monitor which config files are loaded
LANGSET 2048 Dump char sets used to construct lang values
OBJTYPES 4096 Display message when value typechecks fail
Add the value of the desired debug levels together and assign
that (in base 10) to the FC_DEBUG environment variable before
running the application. Output from these statements is sent
to stdout.
Lang Tags
Each font in the database contains a list of languages it
supports. This is computed by comparing the Unicode coverage
of the font with the orthography of each language. Languages
are tagged using an RFC-3066 compatible naming and occur in
two parts -- the ISO 639 language tag followed a hyphen and
then by the ISO 3166 country code. The hyphen and country code
may be elided.
Fontconfig has orthographies for several languages built into
the library. No provision has been made for adding new ones
aside from rebuilding the library. It currently supports 122
of the 139 languages named in ISO 639-1, 141 of the languages
with two-letter codes from ISO 639-2 and another 30 languages
with only three-letter codes. Languages with both two and
three letter codes are provided with only the two letter code.
For languages used in multiple territories with radically
different character sets, fontconfig includes per-territory
orthographies. This includes Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Pashto,
Tigrinya and Chinese.
Configuration File Format
Configuration files for fontconfig are stored in XML format;
this format makes external configuration tools easier to write
and ensures that they will generate syntactically correct
configuration files. As XML files are plain text, they can
also be manipulated by the expert user using a text editor.
The fontconfig document type definition resides in the
external entity "fonts.dtd"; this is normally stored in the
default font configuration directory (/etc/fonts). Each
configuration file should contain the following structure:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
...
</fontconfig>
<fontconfig>
This is the top level element for a font configuration and can
contain dir, cache, include, match and alias elements in any
order.
dir
This element contains a directory name which will be scanned
for font files to include in the set of available fonts.
cache
This element contains a file name for the per-user cache of
font information. If it starts with '~', it refers to a file
in the users home directory. This file is used to hold
information about fonts that isn't present in the
per-directory cache files. It is automatically maintained by
the fontconfig library. The default for this file is
``~/.fonts.cache-version'', where version is the font
configuration file version number (currently 2).
include ignore_missing="no"
This element contains the name of an additional configuration
file or directory. If a directory, every file within that
directory starting with an ASCII digit (U+0030 - U+0039) and
ending with the string ``.conf'' will be processed in sorted
order. When the XML datatype is traversed by FcConfigParse,
the contents of the file(s) will also be incorporated into the
configuration by passing the filename(s) to
FcConfigLoadAndParse. If 'ignore_missing' is set to "yes"
instead of the default "no", a missing file or directory will
elicit no warning message from the library.
config
This element provides a place to consolidate additional
configuration information. config can contain blank and rescan
elements in any order.
blank
Fonts often include "broken" glyphs which appear in the
encoding but are drawn as blanks on the screen. Within the
blank element, place each Unicode characters which is supposed
to be blank in an int element. Characters outside of this set
which are drawn as blank will be elided from the set of
characters supported by the font.
rescan
The rescan element holds an int element which indicates the
default interval between automatic checks for font
configuration changes. Fontconfig will validate all of the
configuration files and directories and automatically rebuild
the internal datastructures when this interval passes.
selectfont
This element is used to black/white list fonts from being
listed or matched against. It holds acceptfont and rejectfont
elements.
acceptfont
Fonts matched by an acceptfont element are "whitelisted"; such
fonts are explicitly included in the set of fonts used to
resolve list and match requests; including them in this list
protects them from being "blacklisted" by a rejectfont
element. Acceptfont elements include glob and pattern elements
which are used to match fonts.
rejectfont
Fonts matched by an rejectfont element are "blacklisted"; such
fonts are excluded from the set of fonts used to resolve list
and match requests as if they didn't exist in the system.
Rejectfont elements include glob and pattern elements which
are used to match fonts.
glob
Glob elements hold shell-style filename matching patterns
(including ? and *) which match fonts based on their complete
pathnames. This can be used to exclude a set of directories
(/usr/share/fonts/uglyfont*), or particular font file types
(*.pcf.gz), but the latter mechanism relies rather heavily on
filenaming conventions which can't be relied upon. Note that
globs only apply to directories, not to individual fonts.
pattern
Pattern elements perform list-style matching on incoming
fonts; that is, they hold a list of elements and associated
values. If all of those elements have a matching value, then
the pattern matches the font. This can be used to select fonts
based on attributes of the font (scalable, bold, etc), which
is a more reliable mechanism than using file extensions.
Pattern elements include patelt elements.
patelt name="property"
Patelt elements hold a single pattern element and list of
values. They must have a 'name' attribute which indicates the
pattern element name. Patelt elements include int, double,
string, matrix, bool, charset and const elements.
match target="pattern"
This element holds first a (possibly empty) list of test
elements and then a (possibly empty) list of edit elements.
Patterns which match all of the tests are subjected to all the
edits. If 'target' is set to "font" instead of the default
"pattern", then this element applies to the font name
resulting from a match rather than a font pattern to be
matched. If 'target' is set to "scan", then this element
applies when the font is scanned to build the fontconfig
database.
test qual="any" name="property" target="default" compare="eq"
This element contains a single value which is compared with
the target ('pattern', 'font', 'scan' or 'default') property
"property" (substitute any of the property names seen above).
'compare' can be one of "eq", "not_eq", "less", "less_eq",
"more", or "more_eq". 'qual' may either be the default, "any",
in which case the match succeeds if any value associated with
the property matches the test value, or "all", in which case
all of the values associated with the property must match the
test value. When used in a <match target="font"> element, the
target= attribute in the <test> element selects between
matching the original pattern or the font. "default" selects
whichever target the outer <match> element has selected.
edit name="property" mode="assign" binding="weak"
This element contains a list of expression elements (any of
the value or operator elements). The expression elements are
evaluated at run-time and modify the property "property". The
modification depends on whether "property" was matched by one
of the associated test elements, if so, the modification may
affect the first matched value. Any values inserted into the
property are given the indicated binding ("strong", "weak" or
"same") with "same" binding using the value from the matched
pattern element. 'mode' is one of:
Mode With Match Without Match
---------------------------------------------------------------------
"assign" Replace matching value Replace all values
"assign_replace" Replace all values Replace all values
"prepend" Insert before matching Insert at head of lis
t
"prepend_first" Insert at head of list Insert at head of lis
t
"append" Append after matching Append at end of list
"append_last" Append at end of list Append at end of list
int, double, string, bool
These elements hold a single value of the indicated type. bool
elements hold either true or false. An important limitation
exists in the parsing of floating point numbers -- fontconfig
requires that the mantissa start with a digit, not a decimal
point, so insert a leading zero for purely fractional values
(e.g. use 0.5 instead of .5 and -0.5 instead of -.5).
matrix
This element holds the four double elements of an affine
transformation.
name
Holds a property name. Evaluates to the first value from the
property of the font, not the pattern.
const
Holds the name of a constant; these are always integers and
serve as symbolic names for common font values:
Constant Property Value
-------------------------------------
thin weight 0
extralight weight 40
ultralight weight 40
light weight 50
book weight 75
regular weight 80
normal weight 80
medium weight 100
demibold weight 180
semibold weight 180
bold weight 200
extrabold weight 205
black weight 210
heavy weight 210
roman slant 0
italic slant 100
oblique slant 110
ultracondensed width 50
extracondensed width 63
condensed width 75
semicondensed width 87
normal width 100
semiexpanded width 113
expanded width 125
extraexpanded width 150
ultraexpanded width 200
proportional spacing 0
dual spacing 90
mono spacing 100
charcell spacing 110
unknown rgba 0
rgb rgba 1
bgr rgba 2
vrgb rgba 3
vbgr rgba 4
none rgba 5
hintnone hintstyle 0
hintslight hintstyle 1
hintmedium hintstyle 2
hintfull hintstyle 3
or, and, plus, minus, times, divide
These elements perform the specified operation on a list of
expression elements. or and and are boolean, not bitwise.
eq, not_eq, less, less_eq, more, more_eq
These elements compare two values, producing a boolean result.
not
Inverts the boolean sense of its one expression element
if
This element takes three expression elements; if the value of
the first is true, it produces the value of the second,
otherwise it produces the value of the third.
alias
Alias elements provide a shorthand notation for the set of
common match operations needed to substitute one font family
for another. They contain a family element followed by
optional prefer, accept and default elements. Fonts matching
the family element are edited to prepend the list of prefered
families before the matching family, append the acceptable
families after the matching family and append the default
families to the end of the family list.
family
Holds a single font family name
prefer, accept, default
These hold a list of family elements to be used by the alias
element. /article
EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION FILE
System configuration file
This is an example of a system-wide configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<!-- /etc/fonts/fonts.conf file to configure system font access -->
<fontconfig>
<!--
Find fonts in these directories
-->
<dir>/usr/share/fonts</dir>
<dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</dir>
<!--
Accept deprecated 'mono' alias, replacing it with 'monospace'
-->
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="any" name="family"><string>mono</string></test>
<edit name="family" mode="assign"><string>monospace</string></e
dit>
</match>
<!--
Names not including any well known alias are given 'sans'
-->
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">sans</test>
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">serif</test>
<test qual="all" name="family" mode="not_eq">monospace</test>
<edit name="family" mode="append_last"><string>sans</string></e
dit>
</match>
<!--
Load per-user customization file, but don't complain
if it doesn't exist
-->
<include ignore_missing="yes">~/.fonts.conf</include>
<!--
Load local customization files, but don't complain
if there aren't any
-->
<include ignore_missing="yes">conf.d</include>
<include ignore_missing="yes">local.conf</include>
<!--
Alias well known font names to available TrueType fonts.
These substitute TrueType faces for similar Type1
faces to improve screen appearance.
-->
<alias>
<family>Times</family>
<prefer><family>Times New Roman</family></prefer>
<default><family>serif</family></default>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>Helvetica</family>
<prefer><family>Arial</family></prefer>
<default><family>sans</family></default>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>Courier</family>
<prefer><family>Courier New</family></prefer>
<default><family>monospace</family></default>
</alias>
<!--
Provide required aliases for standard names
Do these after the users configuration file so that
any aliases there are used preferentially
-->
<alias>
<family>serif</family>
<prefer><family>Times New Roman</family></prefer>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>sans</family>
<prefer><family>Arial</family></prefer>
</alias>
<alias>
<family>monospace</family>
<prefer><family>Andale Mono</family></prefer>
</alias>
</fontconfig>
User configuration file
This is an example of a per-user configuration file that lives
in ~/.fonts.conf
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<!-- ~/.fonts.conf for per-user font configuration -->
<fontconfig>
<!--
Private font directory
-->
<dir>~/.fonts</dir>
<!--
use rgb sub-pixel ordering to improve glyph appearance on
LCD screens. Changes affecting rendering, but not matching
should always use target="font".
-->
<match target="font">
<edit name="rgba" mode="assign"><const>rgb</const></edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
Files
fonts.conf contains configuration information for the
fontconfig library consisting of directories to look at for
font information as well as instructions on editing program
specified font patterns before attempting to match the
available fonts. It is in xml format.
conf.d is the conventional name for a directory of additional
configuration files managed by external applications or the
local administrator. The filenames starting with decimal
digits are sorted in lexicographic order and used as
additional configuration files. All of these files are in xml
format. The master fonts.conf file references this directory
in an <include> directive.
fonts.dtd is a DTD that describes the format of the
configuration files.
~/.fonts.conf is the conventional location for per-user font
configuration, although the actual location is specified in
the global fonts.conf file.
~/.fonts.cache-* is the conventional repository of font
information that isn't found in the per-directory caches. This
file is automatically maintained by fontconfig.
See Also
fc-cache(1), fc-match(1), fc-list(1)
Version
Fontconfig version 2.4.1
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