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10 XML/SGML mark-up

The ideas of a general, synthesizer system nonspecific, mark-up language for labelling text has been under discussion for some time. Festival has supported an SGML based markup language through multiple versions most recently STML (sproat97). This is based on the earlier SSML (Speech Synthesis Markup Language) which was supported by previous versions of Festival (taylor96). With this version of Festival we support Sable a similar mark-up language devised by a consortium from Bell Labls, Sub Microsystems, AT&T and Edinburgh, sable98. Unlike the previous versions which were SGML based, the implementation of Sable in Festival is now XML based. To the user they different is negligable but using XML makes processing of files easier and more standardized. Also Festival now includes an XML parser thus reducing the dependencies in processing Sable text.

Raw text has the problem that it cannot always easily be rendered as speech in the way the author wishes. Sable offers a well-defined way of marking up text so that the synthesizer may render it appropriately.

The definition of Sable is by no means settled and is still in development. In this release Festival offers people working on Sable and other XML (and SGML) based markup languages a chance to quickly experiment with prototypes by providing a DTD (document type descriptions) and the mapping of the elements in the DTD to Festival functions. Although we have not yet (personally) investigated facilities like cascading style sheets and generalized SGML specification languages like DSSSL we believe the facilities offer by Festival allow rapid prototyping of speech output markup languages.

Primarily we see Sable markup text as a language that will be generated by other programs, e.g. text generation systems, dialog managers etc. therefore a standard, easy to parse, format is required, even if it seems overly verbose for human writers.

For more information of Sable and access to the mailing list see

http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sable.html

10.1 Sable example

Here is a simple example of Sable marked up text

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE SABLE PUBLIC "-//SABLE//DTD SABLE speech mark up//EN" 
      "Sable.v0_2.dtd"
[]>
<SABLE>
<SPEAKER NAME="male1">

The boy saw the girl in the park <BREAK/> with the telescope.
The boy saw the girl <BREAK/> in the park with the telescope.

Good morning <BREAK /> My name is Stuart, which is spelled
<RATE SPEED="-40%">
<SAYAS MODE="literal">stuart</SAYAS> </RATE>
though some people pronounce it 
<PRON SUB="stoo art">stuart</PRON>.  My telephone number
is <SAYAS MODE="literal">2787</SAYAS>.

I used to work in <PRON SUB="Buckloo">Buccleuch</PRON> Place, 
but no one can pronounce that.

By the way, my telephone number is actually
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.2.au"/>
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.7.au"/>
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.8.au"/>
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.7.au"/>.
</SPEAKER>
</SABLE>

After the initial definition of the SABLE tags, through the file `Sable.v0_2.dtd', which is distributed as part of Festival, the body is given. There are tags for identifying the language and the voice. Explicit boundary markers may be given in text. Also duration and intonation control can be explicit specified as can new pronunciations of words. The last sentence specifies some external filenames to play at that point.

10.2 Supported Sable tags

There is not yet a definitive set of tags but hopefully such a list will form over the next few months. As adding support for new tags is often trivial the problem lies much more in defining what tags there should be than in actually implementing them. The following are based on version 0.2 of Sable as described in http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sable_spec2.html, though some aspects are not currently supported in this implementation. Further updates will be announces through the Sable mailing list.

LANGUAGE

Allows the specification of the language through the ID attribute. Valid values in Festival are, english, en1, spanish, en, and others depending on your particular installation. For example

<LANGUAGE id="english"> ... </LANGUAGE>

If the language isn't supported by the particualr installation of Festival "Some text in .." is said instead and the section is ommitted.

SPEAKER

Select a voice. Accepts a parameter NAME which takes values male1, male2, female1, etc. There is currently no definition about what happens when a voice is selected which the synthesizer doesn't support. An example is

<SPEAKER name="male1"> ... </SPEAKER>

AUDIO

This allows the specification of an external waveform that is to be included. There are attributes for specifying volume and whether the waveform is to be played in the background of the following text or not. Festival as yet only supports insertion.

My telephone number is 
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.2.au"/>
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.7.au"/>
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.8.au"/>
<AUDIO SRC="http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/~awb/sounds/touchtone.7.au"/>.

MARKER

This allows Festival to mark when a particalur part of the text has been reached. At present the simply the value of the MARK attribute is printed. This is done some when that piece of text is analyzed. not when it is played. To use this in any real application would require changes to this tags implementation.

Move the <MARKER MARK="mouse" /> mouse to the top.

BREAK

Specifies a boundary at some LEVEL. Strength may be values Large, Medium, Small or a number. Note that this this tag is an emtpy tag and must include the closing part within itsefl specification.

<BREAK LEVEL="LARGE"/>

DIV

This signals an division. In Festival this causes an utterance break. A TYPE attribute may be specified but it is ignored by Festival.

PRON

Allows pronunciation of enclosed text to be explcitily given. It supports the attributes IPA for an IPA specification (not currently supported by Festival); SUB text to be substituted which can be in some form of phonetic spelling, and ORIGIN where the linguistic origin of the enclosed text may be identified to assist in etymologically sensitive letter to sound rules.

<PRON SUB="toe maa toe">tomato</PRON>

SAYAS

Allows indeitnfication of the enclose tokens/text. The attribute MODE cand take any of the following a values: literal, date, time, phone, net, postal, currency, math, fraction, measure, ordinal, cardinal, or name. Further specification of type for dates (MDY, DMY etc) may be speficied through the MODETYPE attribute.

As a test of marked-up numbers. Here we have 
a year <SAYAS MODE="date">1998</SAYAS>, 
an ordinal <SAYAS MODE="ordinal">1998</SAYAS>, 
a cardinal <SAYAS MODE="cardinal">1998</SAYAS>, 
a literal <SAYAS MODE="literal">1998</SAYAS>, 
and phone number <SAYAS MODE="phone">1998</SAYAS>.

EMPH

To specify enclose text should be emphasized, a LEVEL attribute may be specified but its value is currently ignored by Festival (besides the emphasis Festival generates isn't very good anyway).

The leaders of <EMPH>Denmark</EMPH> and <EMPH>India</EMPH> meet on
Friday.

PITCH

Allows the specification of pitch range, mid and base points.

Without his penguin, <PITCH BASE="-20%"> which he left at home, </PITCH>
he could not enter the restaurant.

RATE

Allows the specification of speaking rate

The address is <RATE SPEED="-40%"> 10 Main Street </RATE>.

VOLUME

Allows the specification of volume. Note in festival this causes an utetrance break before and after this tag.

Please speak more <VOLUME LEVEL="loud">loudly</VOLUME>, except
when I ask you to speak <VOLUME LEVEL="quiet">in a quiet voice</VOLUME>.

ENGINE

This allows specification of engine specific commands

An example is <ENGINE ID="festival" DATA="our own festival speech
synthesizer"> the festival speech synthesizer</ENGINE> or
the Bell Labs speech synthesizer.

These tags may change in name but they cover the aspects of speech mark up that we wish to express. Later additions and changes to these are expected.

See the files `festival/examples/example.sable' and `festival/examples/example2.sable' for working examples.

Note the definition of Sable is on going and there are likely to be later more complete implementations of sable for Festival as independent releases consult `url://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/sable.html' for the most recent updates.

10.3 Adding Sable tags

We do not yet claim that there is a fixed standard for Sable tags but we wish to move towards such a standard. In the mean time we have made it easy in Festival to add support for new tags without, in general, having to change any of the core functions.

Two changes are necessary to add a new tags. First, change the definition in `lib/Sable.v0_2.dtd', so that Sable files may use it. The second stage is to make Festival sensitive to that new tag. The example in festival/lib/sable-mode.scm shows how a new text mode may be implemented for an XML/SGML-based markup language. The basic point is that an identified function will be called on finding a start tag or end tags in the document. It is the tag-function's job to synthesize the given utterance if the tag signals an utterance boundary. The return value from the tag-function is the new status of the current utterance, which may remain unchanged or if the current utterance has been synthesized nil should be returned signalling a new utterance.

Note the hierarchical structure of the document is not available in this method of tag-functions. Any hierarchical state that must be preserved has to be done using explicit stacks in Scheme. This is an artifact due to the cross relationship to utterances and tags (utterances may end within start and end tags), and the desire to have all specification in Scheme rather than C++.

The tag-functions are defined in an elements list. They are identified with names such as "(SABLE" and ")SABLE" denoting start and end tags respectively. Two arguments are passed to these tag functions, an assoc list of attributes and values as specified in the document and the current utterances. If the tag denotes an utterance break, call xxml_synth on UTT and return nil. If a tag (start or end) is found in the document and there is no corresponding tag-function it is ignored.

New features may be added to words with a start and end tag by adding features to the global xxml_word_features. Any features in that variable will be added to each word.

Note that this method may be used for both XML based lamnguages and SGML based markup languages (though and external normalizing SGML parser is required in the SGML case). The type (XML vs SGML) is identified by the analysis_type parameter in the tts text mode specification.

10.4 XML/SGML requirements

Festival is distributed with rxp an XML parser developed by Richard Tobin of the Language Technology Group, University of Edinburgh. Sable is set up as an XML text mode so no further requirements or external programs are required to synthesize from Sable marked up text (unlike previous releases). Note that rxp is not a full validation parser and hence doesn't check some aspects of the file (tags within tags).

Festival still supports SGML based markup but in such cases requires an external SGML normalizing parser. We have tested `nsgmls-1.0' which is available as part of the SGML tools set `sp-1.1.tar.gz' which is available from http://www.jclark.com/sp/index.html. This seems portable between many platforms.

10.5 Using Sable

Support in Festival for Sable is as a text mode. In the command mode use the following to process an Sable file

(tts "file.sable" 'sable)

Also the automatic selection of mode based on file type has been set up such that files ending `.sable' will be automatically synthesized in this mode. Thus

festival --tts fred.sable

Will render `fred.sable' as speech in Sable mode.

Another way of using Sable is through the Emacs interface. The say-buffer command will send the Emacs buffer mode to Festival as its tts-mode. If the Emacs mode is stml or sgml the file is treated as an sable file. See section 11 Emacs interface

Many people experimenting with Sable (and TTS in general) often want all the waveform output to be saved to be played at a later date. The simplest way to do this is using the `text2wave' script, It respects the audo mode selection so

text2wave fred.sable -o fred.wav

Note this renders the file a single waveform (done by concatenating the waveforms for each utterance in the Sable file).

If you wish the waveform for each utterance in a file saved you can cause the tts process to save the waveforms during synthesis. A call to

festival> (save_waves_during_tts)

Any future call to tts will cause the waveforms to be saved in a file `tts_file_xxx.wav' where `xxx' is a number. A call to (save_waves_during_tts_STOP) will stop saving the waves. A message is printed when the waveform is saved otherwise people forget about this and wonder why their disk has filled up.

This is done by inserting a function in tts_hooks which saves the wave. To do other things to each utterances during TTS (such as saving the utterance structure), try redefining the function save_tts_output (see festival/lib/tts.scm).

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